A model of apoptosome assembly
Jun Nakabayashi
04/06/08, 1:30 at Room 3631 (6th floor of building 3 of the Faculty of Sciences)
Apoptosis plays a central role in the development and homeostasis of metazoans. Caspases which are highly conserved family of cystein proteases plays a critical role in the initiation and execution of apoptosis. Recently many caspases have been identified and these are divided into two classes, "initiator" and "effector". Capspases are constitutively synthesized in normal cells as inactive pro-enzyme that require further processing for full activity. The signal for apoptosis is transduced through the caspase cascade. The effector caspase, such as caspase-3, -6, -7, is activated by initiator caspase, such as caspase-8, -9, -10, by proteolytic processing. The activated effector caspase cleavage the numerous substrates leading to apoptosis. There are two well known caspase cascade as follows: one is initiated by the death receptors, such as Fas and tissue necrosis factor, leading to caspase-8 activation, which in turn activated effector caspases; and the other is triggered by cytochrome c released from mitochondria, which activates caspase-9 through APAF-1. APAF-1 is a 130-kDa protein consisting of a CED-4 homologous domain, caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and WD-40 repeats. The function of APAF-1 as a key component of apoptotic signal transduction through mitochondrial pathway has been confirmed by knock-out experiment in mice. The molecular biological mechanism of caspase-9 activation by APAF-1 is well studied. The released cytochrome c binds to APAF-1 through the WD-40 repeats and induces oligomerization of APAF-1 in presence of dATP, forming the so-called "apoptosome". Apoptosome recruits and activates caspase-9. Apoptosome assembly is a critical step in the mitochondrial death pathway. The three dimensional structure of apoptosome was revealed by Acehan et al. Recombinant APAF-1, purified cytochrome c can assemble in vitro to form the active apoptosome complex in presence of dATP. Apoptosome is a wheel-like particle with 7-fold symmetry. It is considered that one apoptosome contains seven APAF-1 molecules. In this paper, it was also shown that the assembly of these complexes was polymorphic, as wheel-like particles with 6-fold symmetry were also observed at a low frequency. While Cain et al reported that cell lysates activated by dATP contained two large apoptosome complexes with 1.4MDa and 700KDa. These result suggest that the assembly of apoptosome proceed step by step. It is considered that the intermediate state of apoptosome complex may exist. We focus on the efficiency to assemble the apoptosome complexes, because the amount of apoptosome affect the transduction of death signal. To estimate the ratio of initial amount of inactive APAF-1 and cytochrome c to complete apoptosome containing 7 APAF-1 molecules, we construct a model of apoptosome assembly. It is expected that analysis of our model reveal the relationship between the efficiency to form complete apoptosome and ratio of initial amount of APAF-1 to cytochrome c. I want to explain our model of apoptosome assembly and show results obtained from numerical calculation of our model at ME seminar.
アポトーシスは多細胞生物の発生やホメオスタシスにおいて中心的な
役割を果たしている。カスペースファミリーに属するシステインプロテアーゼは
アポトーシスを制御している重要なタンパクである。近年多くのカスペースが同
定されたが、それらは機能によって”イニシエータ”カスペースと"エフェクタ”
カスペースの二つに分類される。カスペースは不活性な状態で正常な細胞でも発
現しており、切断されることにより活性化する。細胞死シグナルはカスペースカ
スケードを介して伝達される。エフェクタ(caspase-3,6,7)はカスペースカス
ケードの下流に位置し、イニシエータ(caspase-8,9,10)により切断、活性化さ
れ、アポトーシスを実行するタンパク群を基質として切断していく。カスペース
カスケードには二つの主要な経路が知られている。一つはデスレセプターを介す
る経路で、Fasやtumor necrosis factorなどのリガンドによってcaspase-8が活性
化され、エフェクタの切断、活性化を誘導する。もう一つはミトコンドリアから
のチトクロームc放出を介する経路で、APAF-1を介してcaspase-9が活性化される。
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